Based on the source text about Qin Shi Huangdi replacing former lords with government officials, which options describe lords and which describe officials: received a salary from the government, appointed to office by the ruler, inherited his position from his family, gained wealth from his family's land, chosen on the basis of talents and ability?

What the source text is saying about Qin rule

The source explains that after founding the Qin Empire, Qin Shi Huangdi removed the old lords and put in government officials. The key contrast is how people got power and wealth: by birth and land (lords) versus appointment and service to the emperor (officials).

How to identify traits of lords (hereditary nobles)

Lords in earlier systems held authority because of family status.

• Inherited his position from his family fits lords because the role passed down through a family line.
• Gained wealth from his family's land fits lords because nobles commonly controlled land and collected income from it.

How to identify traits of Qin officials (appointed administrators)

Qin Shi Huangdi wanted administrators who were skilled and loyal to him personally.

• Appointed to office by the ruler fits officials because the emperor chose them rather than birth determining the job.
• Received a salary from the government fits officials because paid administrators depend on the state, not private land.
• Chosen on the basis of talents and ability fits officials because the source says he wanted “the most talented officials.”

Sorted answer (final)

• Lords: inherited his position from his family; gained wealth from his family's land
• Officials: appointed to office by the ruler; received a salary from the government; chosen on the basis of talents and ability